Chloé Maurel Since the early 2020s, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a major issue in global governance, raising economic, environmental, and ethical challenges. The rapid advances of machine learning systems - particularly generative models and autonomous systems - has given rise to new political, economic, and societal risks: manipulation of information, automation of warfare, mass surveillance, the amplification of technological inequalities, and systemic risks linked to advanced systems. An energy-intensive technology ...